Articles

The Road to Superintelligence

The Road to Superintelligence

This article was first published in Forbes on 13 November 2025 About a decade ago, Geoff Hinton declared that human radiologists were like Wily E. Coyote in the Roadrunner show. They had run off the edge of a cliff, but hadn’t realised it yet. Their livelihoods were about to come crashing down. Ten years on, radiology has yet to be automated. Machines can read scans better than humans can, but they cannot yet replace human radiologists. Radiologists do much more than just read scans in the ideal conditions of the laboratory. They do it in the messy, unpredictable, fast-changing environment...
The 75th Anniversary of the Turing Test

The 75th Anniversary of the Turing Test

First published in Forbes on 8 October 2025 A test for consciousness, not intelligence This month is the 75th anniversary of the Turing Test, which Alan Turing introduced to the world in his paper, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence”, published in the October 1950 issue of the journal “Mind”. Today, the Turing Test is often derided as an inadequate test for intelligence, which machines have already passed without getting anywhere near human-level intelligence. I will argue that on the contrary, the Turing Test could soon become more important than ever, because it is best thought of as a test for consciousness,...
The Economic Singularity and the Five As

The Economic Singularity and the Five As

This article first appeared in Forbes on 28 September 2025 The Economic Singularity is a term I coined a decade ago to denote the moment when there are no longer any jobs for the vast majority of humans. In mathematics, the word “singularity” means a point when the normal rules stop working, and it was first used in the context of human affairs in the 1950s by John von Neumann, one of the pioneers of computing. It was popularised by Ray Kurzweil, who applied it to the arrival of superintelligence, which he called the technological singularity. I believe the arrival...
Publishers brace for a shock wave as search referrals slow

Publishers brace for a shock wave as search referrals slow

A rock has been thrown into the pond of digital publishing and it is making waves. Referrals from search engines are falling. For media organisations whose business models involve attracting eyeballs to sell advertising, this could be the beginning of an existential crisis. For organisations that depend heavily on organic search to bring in readers, less search traffic means less revenue. Fewer clicks mean fewer impressions, which translates into fewer opportunities to serve ads and generate the revenue that funds newsrooms, and large parts of the media ecosystem. We have seen this movie before. When Craigslist and other online classified...
What should we call our AI Agents?

What should we call our AI Agents?

As large language models evolve into true agents—persistent, memory-rich, goal-oriented companions—an interesting question arises: what should we call them? Not just their product names or brand identities, but the category of relationship they represent. Friends Years ago, when I wrote “Surviving AI”, I suggested we call them "Friends." That suggestion feels more relevant now than ever. Technically, we call them agents. In product marketing, they might be assistants, copilots, companions, or digital twins. These terms describe function but not feeling. They speak to utility, but not connection. Anyone who's spent time interacting with today's most advanced AIs—especially those with memory...
The year of conscious AI

The year of conscious AI

For years, the idea of machine consciousness has belonged to the realm of philosophy and science fiction. But as AI systems become more sophisticated, the debate is shifting from speculation to a pressing scientific and ethical question. Could machines develop some form of consciousness? And if so, how would we even recognise it? With Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) and superintelligence on the horizon, the possibility of machine consciousness emerging, whether intended or not, is increasing. Well-informed people in academia and the AI community are increasingly discussing it. 2025 is shaping up to be the year that conscious AI becomes a...
Machine consciousness: definitions, implications, risks

Machine consciousness: definitions, implications, risks

Calum discusses the implications of machine consciousness for a New York-based think tank. Defining Consciousness: How do we define consciousness, and what criteria would we use to determine if an AI system has achieved it? It is ironic how little we understand consciousness, since it is actually the only thing any of us know anything about. I am a co-founder of Conscium, a company which seeks to remedy that. A rough-and-ready definition of consciousness is that it is the experience of experiencing. The philosopher Ned Block wrote a famous paper in 1974 called “What’s it like to be a bat?”...
AI Will Convert Space Telecoms From Science Fiction To Reality

AI Will Convert Space Telecoms From Science Fiction To Reality

We all know that artificial intelligence is transforming every industry. One industry which is nascent today, but will be critical to us all in the future, and which could hardly exist without AI, is space telecoms - or Non-Terrestrial Networks, as participants prefer to call it. At a conference on NTNs in Riyadh last month, industry leaders discussed how to ensure its potential benefits are realised, including global connectivity, better understanding of our planet, and progress towards a multiplanetary future. The Importance Of NTNs One reason why NTNs are so important is that they will bring true connectivity to the...
Can we have meaning as well as fun? Review of Nick Bostrom’s Deep Utopia

Can we have meaning as well as fun? Review of Nick Bostrom’s Deep Utopia

A new book by Nick Bostrom is a major publishing and cultural event. His 2014 book “Superintelligence” helped to wake the world up to the impact of the first Big Bang in AI, the arrival of Deep Learning. Since then we have had a second Big Bang in AI, with the introduction of Transformer systems like GPT-4. Bostrom’s previous book focused on the downside potential of advanced AI. His new one explores the upside. “Deep Utopia” is an easier read than its predecessor, although its author cannot resist using some of the phraseology of professional philosophers, so readers may have...
Artificial Intelligence and Weaponised Nostalgia

Artificial Intelligence and Weaponised Nostalgia

The first political party to be called populist was the People’s Party, a powerful but short-lived force in late 19th-century America. It was a left-wing movement which opposed the oligarchies running the railroads, and promoted the interests of small businesses and farms. Populists can be right-wing or left-wing. In Europe they tend to be right-wing and in Latin America they tend to be left-wing. Populist politicians pose as champions for the “ordinary people” against the establishment. They claim that a metropolitan elite has stolen the birthright of the virtuous, “real” people, and they promise to restore it. At the heart...
Government regulation of AI is like pressing a big red danger button

Government regulation of AI is like pressing a big red danger button

Imagine that you and I are in my laboratory, and I show you a Big Red Button. I tell you that if I press this button, then you and all your family and friends - in fact the whole human race - will live very long lives of great prosperity, and in great health. Furthermore, the environment will improve, and inequality will reduce both in your country and around the world. Of course, I add, there is a catch. If I press this button, there is also a chance that the whole human race will go extinct. I cannot tell...
The Bletchley Park summit on AI safety deserves two and a half cheers

The Bletchley Park summit on AI safety deserves two and a half cheers

The taboo is broken. The possibility that AI is an existential risk has now been voiced in public by many of the world’s political leaders. Although the question has been discussed in Silicon Valley and other futurist boltholes for decades, no country’s leader had broached it before last month. That is the lasting legacy of the Bletchley Park summit on AI Safety, and it is an important one. It might not be the most important legacy for the man who made the summit happen. According to members of the opposition Labour Party, Britain’s Prime Minister Rishi Sunak was using the...
Arabian moonshots may hold huge implications for the whole world

Arabian moonshots may hold huge implications for the whole world

After Silicon Valley, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) may be the most future-oriented and optimistic place on the planet. Futurism and techno-optimism are natural mindsets in a country which has pretty much invented itself from scratch in two generations. During this period its people have progressed from a mediaeval lifestyle to being 21st century metropolitans. So it is unsurprising that the UAE has been quick to spot the enormous future significance of artificial intelligence to all of us, and to pioneer its deployment. It is not just the UAE. The leaders of all six members of the Gulf Cooperation Council...
The legal singularity. With Ben Alarie

The legal singularity. With Ben Alarie

The law is a promising area for AI The legal profession is rarely accused of being at the cutting edge of technological development. Lawyers may not still use quill pens, but they’re not exactly famous for their IT skills. Nevertheless, it has a number of characteristics which make it eminently suited to the deployment of advanced AI systems. Lawyers are deluged by data, and commercial law cases can be highly lucrative. One man who knows more about this than most is Benjamin Alarie, a Professor at the University of Toronto Faculty of Law, and a successful entrepreneur. In 2015, he...
What’s new in Longevity? With Martin O’Dea

What’s new in Longevity? With Martin O’Dea

Martin O’Dea is the CEO of Longevity Events Limited, and the principal organiser of the annual Longevity Summit Dublin. In a past life, O’Dea lectured on business strategy at Dublin Business School. He has been keeping a close eye on the longevity space for more than ten years, and is well placed to speak about how the field is changing. O’Dea sits on a number of boards including the LEV Foundation, which was set up by Aubrey de Grey with a mission to prevent and reverse human age-related disease. O’Dea joined the London Futurists Podcast to discuss what we can...
Investing in AI, With John Cassidy

Investing in AI, With John Cassidy

Kindred Capital Venture capital is the lifeblood of technology startups, including young companies deploying advanced AI. John Cassidy is a Partner at Kindred Capital, a UK-based venture capital firm. Before he became an investment professional, he co-founded CCG.ai, a precision oncology company which he sold to Dante Labs in 2019. He joined the London Futurists Podcast to discuss how venture capital firms are approaching AI today. Kindred Capital was founded in 2015 by Mark Evans, Russell Buckley, and Leila Zegna. It has raised three funds, each of around $100 million, and is focused on early-stage investments, known in the industry...
The Death of Death. With Jose Cordeiro

The Death of Death. With Jose Cordeiro

An enthusiastic transhumanist One of the most intriguing possibilities raised by the exponential growth in the power of our technology is that within the lifetimes of people already born, death may become optional. This idea was championed with exuberant enthusiasm by Jose Cordeiro on the London Futurists Podcast. Jose Cordeiro was born in Venezuela, to parents who fled Franco’s dictatorship in Spain. He has closed the circle, by returning to Spain (via the USA) while another dictatorship grips Venezuela. His education and early career as an engineer were thoroughly blue chip – MIT, Georgetown University, INSEAD, then Schlumberger and Booz...
AI and professional services. With Shamus Rae

AI and professional services. With Shamus Rae

Collar colour Not long ago, people assumed that repetitive, blue-collar jobs would be the first to be disrupted by advancing artificial intelligence. Since the arrival of generative AI, it looks like white-collar jobs will be impacted first. Jobs like accounting, management consulting, and the law. Who would have guessed that lawyers would find themselves at the cutting edge of technology. Shamus Rae is the co-founder of Engine B, a startup which aims to expedite the digitisation of the professional services industry. It is supported by the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales (the ICAEW) and the main audit...